The two leading ethanol producing countries are the US and Brazil. Many fueling stations selling TOP TIER Licensed Brands prominently display the TOP TIER logo on the pump, pump handle, canopy or in a station window. The groups are also encouraging motorists to follow all safe refueling guidelines with every fill-up. So they formulated their own gasoline with a higher concentration of detergent and began requiring it in their new vehicles owners manuals. This is because they have to use the ethanol to raise the octane level of their gasoline blend in order to satisfy the higher octane requirements of premium. This means that all of their retail locations must adhere to a set of quality standards set forth by the company. Always refer to your owners manual before using Unleaded 91. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Lower octane gas burns quicker than higher octane, and so require less energy to ignite. Older cars with carburetors could operate with lower octane fuel at higher elevations. Crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, diesel, propane, and other liquids including biofuels and natural gas liquids. Due to its unique blend, Unleaded E10 is more renewable than regular unleaded grades as it offsets greenhouse gas emissions, decreasing your carbon footprint. Gilbarco, Dresser Wayne, and other fueling systems are used by the company. $3.393. Nevada Permit Restrictions for Children Under the Age of 18 There is, The Peanut Butter Cup, a pint of Ben and Jerrys in the United States that contains 270% of your daily saturated fat allowance and nearly, Copyright 2023 TipsFolder.com | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. The amount of ethanol in premium gas will differ from one grade of fuel to another . So if you found a refueling station that has 93 octane that isn't listed, please share it with me, and I'll share it with the world. EIA's free and open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and widgets. Uranium fuel, nuclear reactors, generation, spent fuel. In . It's important to prevent carbon build up for many modern small displacement turbocharged motors. MA Reg. Filmmaker Bryan Rogala regularly explores off-road with few resources. Premium has an octane rating of 91 or higher, compared to 87 for regular octane. National Avg. Is Speedway gasoline fine even if its not top tier? Were giving away hundreds of Speedway x PAC-MAN & Bandai Namco Entertainment Inc. prizes to power up your home arcade. Lesson plans, science fair experiments, field trips, teacher guide, and career corner. http://www.thegasgame.com/speedway-effect/. Regular gasoline will sit between 85 and 87. When it comes to gas quality, Speedway is not a Top Tier fuel retailer. Using race gas can be as easy as finding a local gas station that happens to have a pump with 98 to 100 octane or even filling up at the local racetrack. Mid-grade octane can withstand more heat and pressure than regular octane before igniting, meaning your internal combustion engine (ICE) should make the most use of the vapor in its chambers. You should use whatever octane level the owners manual specifies for your car. Buick Regal. For premium gas, the octane level will usually be either 91 or 93. I do wish they would retest with a small displacement turbo since they're the biggest offenders for carbon buildup. Always refer to your owners manual before using Unleaded E10. You must take whatever gasoline you can get if your tank is nearly empty on an interstate highway. All grades of a brand's fuel most be treated with a Top-Tier-approved additive . What are the projections for U.S. gasoline and diesel fuel prices? Re: 1931 Fuel octane levels. Gasoline pumps generally indicate the fuel ethanol content of the gasoline. What do I pay for in a gallon of regular gasoline and diesel fuel? Top Tier gasoline is a designation given to gasolines that contain a higher concentration of detergent than what is required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Access links from a compatible smartphone. We must first look at the concept of preignition to understand what octane means. New Jersey checks for fraudulent labeling of octane ratings. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts, 14 Cayman S, 16 Macan Turbo, 21 Bronco OBX, '69 Mustang, mk4 Jetta Wagon, asst rotating Eurotrash, 2020 "Worst Minivan Ever Made", 2021 Free Pee Button, 12 Mustang GT, 86 Bronco, 07 SV1000S, 16 Ninja 300. Higher-octane fuels are more resistant to engine knock than lower-octane options. A minimum 82 octane fuel is recommended for most vehicles produced since 1984. Gas Stations. You will hav. Well before going away to school I filled up my 1991 Mustang GT with a full tank of speedway gasoline. This website is not compatible with Internet Explorer. This re-entry could result in the customer becoming charged with static electricity and in returning to the fueling point the static electricity could be discharged resulting in a fire. reducing the level of oxides of nitrogen emitted from engines. The most likely scenario for Shell gasoline to be more expensive is if the additive is more costly to add, or if other stations are using base gasoline from the local distributor refinery. . Yes, it matters because some brands contain more detergent additives to prevent carbon deposits from forming inside your engine. Volusia County Speedway. Quora is used around the world. Speedway may not be a top tier grade, but they are at the top of the heap when it comes to price spikes. 85 octane must be sold with a warning label displayed at the pump. 6211 North Dale Mabry Hwy. In North Carolina, nearly 24 percent of all gas station violations involved the discovery of sediment in the fuel, and more than 20 percent of the state's gas station violations related to water . 1920 Harden Blvd. Gasoline with an octane rating of 85 is available in . Regular gas typically has an 87 octane level and is suitable for most engines. These ratings are based on the pressure at which a fuel will spontaneously combust (auto-ignite) in a testing engine. There are lots of others since it became a branded thing. The company has come under fire in recent years for its pricing practices. The company also offers a loyalty program called "Speedy Rewards" which gives customers points for every purchase that can be redeemed for discounts or free merchandise. Greenhouse gas data, voluntary reporting, electric power plant emissions. Do you want exclusive offers on food, merchandise, and more? Speedway Diesel is suitable for all diesel engines, in both automotive and industrial applications. Back in the day, pump fuel was just meaner. . To learn about all of the benefits of Ultratech, click the articles below. Sunoco's race fuels chart helps you discover which Sunoco race fuel is right for your vehicle. Want to take your game room to the next level? Or parasitic drain on the battery. Find local North Chelmsford gas prices and North Chelmsford gas stations with the best prices to fill up at the pump today. In some cases, using premium fuel increased horsepower significantly, and if youre purchasing a performance car, those advantages are probably well worth it. The next time you go to fill up your car, truck, or SUV, ask yourself one question first: does it matter what fuel I use? There are a lot of gas stations out there, some drenched in bright light and others dim and a little scuzzy. As of 2020, the company has approximately 4,000 stores across 33 states. Doughnuts. Derived from renewable resources, it is generally more cost-effective compared to other petroleum fuels. . Despite the controversy, Speedway remains one of the most popular gas station chains in the country. Further down in the article, you will find more specific information about each of these gas stations. The octane levels will not be the same, but they will be similar, and the occasional fill-up will not damage your engine. In Lake Buena Vista, FL, Speedway has broken in on the top nine cheapest prices at $3.53. Please use another browser such as Chrome, Edge or Safari for a better experience. The higher the octane number, the greater the fuel's resistance to knocking or pinging during combustion. Although they both may have come from the same oil company, they are now two separate entities with different management and ownership. The company has come under fire in recent years for its pricing practices. Additionally, its locations tend to be less congested, meaning that the gas is less likely to be old or contaminated. Some vehicles are made to run on gasoline with a higher octane level. It's usually found at the blue pumps, often under the name "Unleaded 88," referring to the octane level. Unleaded 91 is highly refined and designed for use in most motor vehicles. 15 Unexpected GasBuick Envision Cars That Run On Premium-Grade. . In the U.S., unleaded gasoline typically has octane ratings of 87 (regular), 88-90 (midgrade), and 91-94 (premium). Speedway Gasoline - All Grades (Regular, Mid Grade, Premium), Speedway Gasoline WITH Ethanol - All Grades (Regular, Mid Grade, Premium), Speedway 15W-40 Heavy Duty Diesel Motor Oil, Speedway Multi-Purpose DM Automatic Transmission Fluid. Regardless of legality fuel with an octane rating of less than 82 is generally not offered for sale in most states. AdBlue is a diesel exhaust fluid used in modern trucks that employ Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology. Chevron and Exxon typically have higher prices than Costco and Shell, but this is because they offer better quality gas. Top Tier is a performance standard for gasoline, backed by major automakers. Make the most of your stop. Check out Tabithas tips on how using Ultratech fuel can help your familys road trips. It's all the same stuff usually, and we're talking about tiny differences in carbon detergent additives. LPG, commonly called LPG Autogas, combines a blend of propane and butane to form a clean-burning liquified gas. Car professionals state that there isnt a noticeable difference when it comes to performance, so save your money and go with the cheap one. this site uses cookies to personalize content, Gasoline is an impure substance refined from a very impure base stock - crude oil. This is the go to 93 octane finder! At this point I'd be more concerned about letting it sit 5+ months with any brand gasoline in the tank. Dating back to the mid-1980s, Mobil is one of the best-known names when it comes to quality gasoline. It is otherwise basically identical. Sales, revenue and prices, power plants, fuel use, stocks, generation, trade, demand & emissions. Gas Station Near Me. Clean toilets? The simple answer is that they have a large number of loyal customers. The second definition of octane refers to the amount of energy required to ignite the gasoline. How To Find A Top Tier Gasoline Station Though octane level is not an indication of fuel quality, many vehicles do require a particular grade of gasoline, so be sure to check your owner's manual. In 2021, 7-Eleven Inc. purchased Speedway for $21 billion. In recent years, car manufacturers have been requiring or recommending premium gasoline (a high-octane grade of fuel) for use in more of their vehicle models. If a station is located in an area with a lot of traffic, it is likely that the gas will be of lower quality since it will have been sitting in the tank for longer. I've run Hess/Speedway/Racetrack/Wawa gas in all my stuff, from dog slow 6 cylinder F150s, to 1000cc sport bikes, to premium fuel requirement "luxury" cars, to lawn equipment and my carb'ed Bronco, for the last 12 years. Regular gasoline is usually 87 octane, premium fuel is 91 or 93 octane, and midgrade . How Do You Get Rid Of Hard Calcium Deposits In The Shower? The two preferred fueling system providers for Speedway are Gilbarco and Dresser Wayne. Performance. Speedway as a company is responsible for taking precautions to protect our customers and employees from accident, injury or any unsafe condition. Editors Pick: Chevron has the best quality gas. Hear the benefits of Sunoco Ultratech while watching performance cars in action on the back roads of New York. List of U.S. states by standard octane ratings, Last edited on 19 December 2022, at 19:02, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection", "Fuel & Measures FAQs - Ga Dept of Agriculture", http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/kar/302/079/010.htm, "2012 New York Consolidated Laws:: AGM - Agriculture & Markets:: Article 16 - (176 - 197-B) WEIGHTS AND MEASURES:: 192-A - Fuel octane labelling requirements", "Article 33-34: Petroleum and Fuel Products", "Code of Laws - Title 39 - Chapter 41 - Gasoline, Lubricating Oils and Other Petroleum Products", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_by_standard_octane_ratings&oldid=1128360633. How much does a 8 week old cocker spaniel weight? We're . Oil tankers transport this gas to various companies, so the gasoline portion of the gas is the same (up to a point). In 2021, we're unfortunately seeing much higher prices, which makes it tempting to switch to a . While the base 2.5-liter four-cylinder engine in the compact Buick Envision runs on a regular basis, the available 2.0-liter turbo-four engine uses premium-grade gasoline. The competition between the intended (controlled) and unintended (spontaneous) combustion causes the energy from the burning fuel to disperse unevenly, which can cause damage and place high pressure on the engine's piston before it enters the power stroke (the part of the cycle when the piston's motion is generating power). Brand. Interestingly enough, in 2021, convenience store . Of the 18 isomers of normal octane (C8H18), octane gets its name from the 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane compound, which is highly resistant to auto-ignition. Many stations that sell Top Tier gas will have the logo prominently displayed. Premium level fuels will have a higher- octane level that is usually sitting at about 91. It is most important that the vehicles used with autogas are properly optimised for LPG use. 2023 Sunmarks, LLC. E15 is a new fuel option made of 15 percent ethanol and 85 percent petroleum. Top Tier fuel has a minimum level of detergency that well-exceeds . BP/Amoco is not currently part of the Top Tier program. Premium gas has different octane ratings, which are always displayed at gas stations. Speedway is committed to providing a safe and healthy environment at every one of our convenience stores. Shell V-Power NiTRO+ Premium Gasoline is engineered with four levels of defense against gunk, corrosion, wear and friction to help keep your engine running like new.*. Rated 2 / 5. Over time, showerheads can become clogged with deposits of calcium, magnesium, lime, silica, and other minerals. The standard means of testing octane is with an octane testing engine. The higher the octane number, the greater the fuels resistance to knocking or pinging during combustion. Unfortunately, there is nothing in premium gasoline that will make it last longer than other pump-powered fuels. Actual benefits will vary based on factors such as vehicle type, driving style and gasoline previously used. Gas Types Quick Tips. Reports requested by congress or otherwise deemed important. The large number on the yellow gasoline pump octane label is the minimum octane rating. compliance in all of our operations. Average taxes on gasoline in 2015: $0.46 per gallon. Always refer to your owners manual before using Premium Diesel. We're holding another contest (again for 50 cool bucks): Text PUMP to 24587 anytime between now and Wednesday at 5 to enter. However 85 and 86 octane gasoline can still commonly be found in several rocky mountain states but availability is declining due to fewer cars with carburetors being still on the road and they are already gone in many states that previously sold it like Alaska, Maine and North Dakota. Mobil.Is it preferable to e85 or regular gas? National and Massachusetts Gas Price Averages. Since premium-grade gas often costs about 20 percent more than regular-grade gas, some folks have thought of trying to save money by using a $4 bottle of an octane-booster product to raise the octane level of regular-grade gas to that of premium. 95. Heres a list of the best gas stations to visit: Costco. Click the articles below to learn more about TOP TIER. Everything was better then, right? The company was founded in 2021 and was originally a wholly-owned subsidiary of Marathon Petroleum Corporation. Then download the Speedway mobile app and turn your purchases into redeemable points for Speedy Rewards. Independent lab testing shows the detergents in Top Tier Gasoline reduces carbon deposits decreasing emissions and increasing MPG. Gasoline seems so simple: You pull up, you pump, you leave. This means that individual molecules hold carbon and hydrogen molecules. Download the Sunoco app today. Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. Get a 93 Octane Gas Station on the Map. Answer: 90% of the gasoline sold in the USA has 10% ethanol added to reduce pollution. In 2019, the company reported sales of $4.88 billion and sold 6.04 billion gallons of gasoline. Speedway sells a variety of gasoline grades, including regular, mid-grade, premium, and diesel. Our special blend helps fuel injectors stay clean to ensure your diesel engine operates at its best. I was surprised to find that out a couple months ago. Financial market analysis and financial data for major energy companies. Why Is Your Zucchini Plant Stem Splitting? I have a hard time believing the top tier gas is any better, in regular everyday operation, than middle tier stuff from a reputable station. . Typically, gas stations in the USA supply gas with an octane rating that goes from 94 to 97. A gasoline pump showing different grades of gasoline and octane ratings on the yellow labels. Between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m., drivers of flex-fuel vehicles can fill up on E85 for only 85 cents a gallon. For over 20 years, GasBuddy has saved users over $3.1 billion. Biodiesel, renewable diesel, and other biofuels, car manufacturers have been requiring or recommending premium gasoline, difference in prices between premium and lower octane grades, Analysis of Octane Costs: November 28, 2018, Motor Fuels: Understanding the Factors That Influence the Retail Price of Gasoline. Maps by energy source and topic, includes forecast maps. When detected, the computer delays the initial spark, which causes the controlled combustion to take place at a point when compression is not at its highest point. The expiration date also labeled Arew is the go-to source for all your home improvement, gardening, cooking, and family needs. Speedway uses Marathon fuel, which is top tier. Tools to customize searches, view specific data sets, study detailed documentation, and access time-series data. Due to the larger scale of its operations, Shell has consistently earned higher revenues than BP. On the other hand, Marathon Petroleum Corporation has been focusing on its core business of refining and selling gasoline since the sale of Speedway. The gas stations with the best quality gas include: Shell. 2015 Speedway Towing & Roadside Assistance. Speedway is a gas station that is licensed to Top Tier gasoline. Speedway sells a variety of gasoline grades, including regular, mid-grade, premium, and diesel. Helps to protect key fuel system components such . Different fuels have different combinations of hydrocarbons and octane is resistant to the spontaneous exploding. Premium gas has ethanol as one of its additives. It may be true. Its enhanced gasoline detergency helps keep engines clean and ensures compliance with tight vehicle emissions requirements. Its important to know the difference between unleaded regular and premium gas. Should store employees witness the filling of portable containers NOT on the ground or customer's re-entry of their vehicle during fueling, THEY ARE TO STOP THE SALE IMMEDIATELY, apologize for any inconvenience and inform the customer of proper procedures emphasizing our concern for their safety. . Artisan sandwiches sporting the perfect amount of lettuce? Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the State Level, through 2018, Monthly Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production, Annual Solar Photovoltaic Module Shipments Report, Midwest and Rocky Mountain Transportation Fuels Markets, East Coast and Gulf Coast Transportation Fuels Markets. Avg. The EPA has a minimum requirement for the amount of detergent additive that must be present in order to keep engines clean. Ultra 94 is the highest octane fuel available at the pump at Sunoco. Measured using industry standard and Shell proprietary tests. These PRFs are used to bracket a given fuel sample to determine the pressure at which similar knock intensities are observed. Answer (1 of 9): In what country? Blended to help cars perform their best, Premium 95 Octane deters carbon deposits and helps reduce fuel consumption: improving engine performance and efficiency. Now that we understand the difference when it comes to regular and premium gas, you can better determine whether or not you want to go with an off brand or a name brand. U.S. Energy Information Administration, 1000 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20585, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Many stations will offer "Super Unleaded" 87 that contains 10% ethanol and a more expensive "Unleaded" 87 with no ethanol. One of the key features of Speedway is their loyalty program, Speedy Rewards. Speedway Petroleum Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Or, in layman's terms, the higher the octane rating, the less likely the fuel is going to pre-ignite (read: explode unexpectedly) at higher pressures and damage your engine. All trademarks used herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of Exxon Mobil Corporation or one of its subsidiaries unless indicated otherwise. You may have limited options depending on where and when you have to fill up. Reserves, production, prices, employment and productivity, distribution, stocks, imports and exports. 6/30/2015 Michael D. Clean & has Dunkin Donuts right inside!!! The octane number is actually the simple average of two different octane rating methodsmotor octane rating (MOR) and research octane rating (RON)that differ primarily in the specifics of the operating conditions. Last I recall: BP, Shell, Exxon, and Mobil where top tier fuel companies. New Shell V-Power NiTRO Premium Gasoline is a revolutionary new premium formula that provides the best total engine protection available. Although speedway is a subsidiary of Marathon Petroleum company, it does not offer Top Tier. View our Privacy Notice. Speedway uses Marathon fuel, which is top tier. Some Phillips 66, Break Time, and Conoco stations sell 91 octane premium. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Containers are to be approved design. Mobil. The button for the fuel indicated a 100 Octane level, whereas the Premium was 93. However, some carmakers found that the EPA-required minimum was not enough to prevent build-up and deposits from happening in their engines. Currently, there are only a handful of gasolines that meet the Top Tier standard, and Speedway is one of them. Location? The detergent package in Ultratech helps keep fuel systems and engine components cleaner, helping your car run smoother while saving you money. In 1999, they merged with Exxon to form Exxon Mobile, making it one of the largest oil companies in the entire world. It's not just a random date that the food company picked out of thin air. This fuel grade is better suited for cars with higher compression ratios, ensuring optimal efficiency as fuel will be igniting at the ideal time in the cylinder. During this process, injected gasoline is ignited by a spark plug in the engine compartment. Do they all pump the same gasoline from their tanks into yours? Octane rating is a measure of a fuel's ability to resist knock. The octane requirement of an engine varies with compression ratio, geometrical and mechanical considerations, and operating conditions. Think of it like octane ratings on gasoline. . Chevron. With the adoption of cleaner engine technologies, running a diesel engine now means producing fewer greenhouse emissions as it burns much slower than a vehicle using regular petrol. The difference in prices between premium and lower octane grades has also increased. E85 gas (also known as flex fuel) is a high-level combination of ethanol and gasoline that consists of 51 percent to 83 percent ethanol blended with gasoline. Between 1976 and 1980 use of leaded gasoline dropped by 50% in the United States, and the average level of lead found in the bloodstream of the populace dropped by 37%. Regular (the lowest octane fuelgenerally 87), Midgrade (the middle range octane fuelgenerally 8990), Premium (the highest octane fuelgenerally 9194). It is the most cost-effective fuel, reducing maintenance and running costs. Speedway is a Top Tier gasoline licensee, and all retail locations must adhere to those standards. Plan your route and nd a Shell gas station close to your location. Below, read more tips about why a premium fuel is the best way to go. Costco. Royal Dutch Shell (RDS.) In a gas engine, fuel is compressed then . bp regular E15 with Invigorate. In the US, the ethanol content of most motor gasoline does not exceed 10% by volume. This however doesnt mean that your vehicle needs it. Whether its fuel for your car, motorbike, truck or lawnmower, our extensive range of high-performing fuels have got you covered. Containers are to be placed on the ground during filling and the nozzle kept in contact with the container. It's just a few cents behind 7-Eleven and Wawa at $3.47 and $3.49 per gallon, respectively. All of BP's grades of gasoline are Top Tier certified, meaning they have detergent . For this reason, you will see race car drivers using gasoline with and octane rating above 100 to provide superior fuel that wont prematurely fire off during races. Chevrolet Equinox. Quality Towing & Emergency Roadside Assistance. So while there may be some similarities between the two gas companies, they are now quite different thanks to the acquisition by 7-Eleven. Shell is closing its doors in the United States. What Is Top Tier Gasoline? Before you hit the road for your next looooong road trip, check out his top advice. Oil is an important source of revenue for both companies. Speedway I believe still uses marathon (although I know there was a acquisition in 2020 so Im not sure where speedway is getting their gas today but Id assume its still marathon) and marathon absolutely is a top tier fuel. Aloha Petroleum, Amoco, ARCO, Beacon, BP, Breakaway, Break Time, Cenex, Chevron, CITGO, Costco, CountryMark, Diamond Shamrock, Entec, Esso, Express Mart, Exxon, Fast Fuel, HFN, Hele, Holiday, Kwik Star, Irving, Kirkland Signature, Kwik Star, Kwik Trip, Marathon, Metro Petro, MFA, Mobil, Ohana Fuels. Speedway is a gas station chain that is licensed to sell Top Tier gasoline. Reviews. The Speedway Effect shows that the more Speedway stations in an area, the larger the price spikes are. There is a separate tank for AdBlue which is generally located next to the fuel tank. So we ran a few common ones past Zachary J. Santner, technical specialist at Sunoco Race Fuels. If you dont see the list, simply google top tier gas. Second, which gas station has the highest quality gas? Its the biggest convenience store chain located in central Ohio. MA Prem. Editor's Pick: Chevron. Regular is 87 octane; Midgrade and Premium grades are required to have the octane rating as part of the name (i.e. But first, let's take a look at the definition of top-tier gas. The company, which was founded in 2021 as a subsidiary of Marathon Petroleum Corporation, had been a wholly-owned subsidiary. In order to be certified as Top Tier, a gasoline must pass a series of performance tests that demonstrate specified levels of: 1) deposit control on intake valves; 2) deposit control on fuel injectors; 3) deposit control on combustion chambers; 4) prevention of intake-valve sticking. This is because of a fundamental difference in the way gasoline- and diesel-powered engines operate. How much ethanol is in gasoline, and how does it affect fuel economy? #1. You need to stop for gas. 110. Our employees are responsible for observing all of the safety and health rules that apply to their jobs. Costco. Here are some examples of labels you may see at the location where you refuel your vehicle. Shale Unit. The results showed that on average, non-Top Tier gasoline had 19 times more carbon deposits on injectors, on intake valves, and in the combustion chamber than Top Tier gasoline. Therefore, higher octane levels will reduce the chances of knocking in the engine. Convenience Stores. Northwest Arkansas primarily sells 87/89/91 octane. This mineral buildup can block the showerhead's water flow, preventing it from Can you cook mince 1 day out of date?