how has the eurotas river changed over time

I.-HISTORY Scarce 1790 map "Essai Sur La Topographie De Sparte Et De Ses Environs", hand colored. . While Sparta was technically a monarchy governed by two kings, one each from the Agiad and Eurypontid families, these kings were relegated over time to positions that most closely resembled generals. how has the eurotas river changed over time - Sports Nutrition Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. This site uses cookies. Our description of these three types of avulsions provides the first framework for predicting where rivers will change course on fans and deltas worldwide. The river is also fed by underwater springs at Pellana and by tributaries coursing down from Mt. The newly granted status meant Spartan men could live at their homes, most of the Spartans were farmers but the helots would work the land for them. Once elected, they held their post for life. 3 (trans. She directed the Vapheio-Palaiopyrgi Survey Project in Lakonia. Ancient History Assignment By Sade Vasquez Part one (Primary: Source A, 1270a23 Aristotle, Spartan Women) ". Estimates for the total number of troops the Greeks brought to the Battle of Plataea come in around 80,000, as compared to the 110,000. Through flood control, the riverbed has been widened in places and straightened, and the vegetation has been removed from its sides. This means that Spartan citizens now the men and the means to launch a full-scale attack on the territory surrounding Athens. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. On that account it is often called the Evrotas Furrow. This condition once again shows how Athens and Sparta were trying to find a way for both to coexist despite the massive power of each. For now their lives were dedicated to the military. It offered support to Corinth and Elis by helping remove a tyrant from the Corinthian throne, and this formed the basis of an alliance that would eventually be known as The Peloponnesian League, a loose, Spartan-led alliance between the various Greek city states on the Peloponnese that was intended to provide for mutual defense. Cost Of Living In Croatia In Euro, Eira. This act was condemned by Spartan leadership, but it made little difference to the Athenians, who were now motivated to resume fighting with Sparta more than ever before. To be a member of these already exclusive leading parties, one had to be a Spartan citizen, and only Spartan citizens could vote for the gerousia. Fearing it would lose its stronghold in the Aegean, the Athenians sent their fleet to try and retake some of the cities that had spurned Athenian leadership. However, political turmoil in Athens halted their advance and left the door wide open for a Spartan victory. In fact, by the time of the Peloponnesian War, the Spartan kings had little or no say over the affairs of the Spartan polis. Sparta Flashcards Over time, rivers deposit sediment at the avulsion site, choking up the river with sediment. In antiquity the city-state was known as Lacedaemon ([, Lakedamn] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese . This loss marked the end of the Spartan empire, and it also marked the true beginning of the end for Sparta. So, fighting resumed, and Sparta was forced to take to the sea to defend the Peloponnesian coast from Athenian ships. The Peloponnesian War officially came to an end in 404 BCE, and this marked the beginning of a period of Greek history defined by Spartan hegemony. This led to the first pan-Hellenic alliance in Greek history, but tensions within that alliance helped contribute to the growing conflict between Athens and Sparta, which ended in the Peloponnesian War, the largest civil war in Greek history. By the time of the rise of the Kingdom of Istannah, the Nakkrik tongue was a peasant dialect on the way out. [5] It is, however, in the Ionic dialect. The Regents of the University of California. Evrtas River, historically Eurotas, also called Iris, nonnavigable river rising in the Tayetos (Modern Greek: Tygetos) Mountains in the southern Peloponnese (Pelopnnisos), Greece. But meanwhile, the Spartan general Brasidas began campaigning throughout the Aegean, distracting the Athenians and weakening their presence in the Peloponnese. Lelex appears to have been conceived by ancient mythographers as the eponymous founder of the Leleges, a semi-mythical people that lived on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading The Ancient Spartan Army and the Roman Army: The History of Antiquity's Most Influential Armies. 11. You do not currently have access to this content. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2016; 47 (1): 125. Palaiopyrgi is the most prominent hill in the chain of hills marking the centre of the Eurotas valley, rising to a height of 214 m, about 7 km south of Sparta; its summit offers an unhindered view to all directions, towards the Menelaion to the . Power was held onto by an oligarchic faction, and individual freedoms for non-Spartans were severely restricted, although Spartan women may have had much better conditions than women living in other parts of the ancient Greek world. A city that virtually didnt exist until the end of the first millennium BCE, it rose to be one of if not the most powerful cities in ancient Greece as well as the entire Greek world. The EUROTAS project has taken a catchment scale view of flood management through linking hydrological and hydrodynamic models of flood propagation with a GIS and database to economic and land-use. Its true that the Spartan army had some of the best fighters in the ancient world, but the sheer size of the Persian army meant that likely wouldnt matter. Hellenistic and Roman Sparta. However, the larger, more powerful city states, such as Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, Argos, etc., refused, choosing instead to try to fight the Persians despite their massive numerical disadvantage. 18. Then, Sparta made a public declaration of the independence of Delphi, which was a direct rebuke to the Athenian hegemony that had been developing since the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars. The boundaries of these two regions were formed by the arc . He carried a large bronze shield, wore bronze armor, and carried a long, bronze-tipped spear. It has a striking, grid-like pattern and wide, people-friendly pavements (a rarity in. post-template-default,single,single-post,postid-17007,single-format-standard,mkd-core-1..2,translatepress-it_IT,highrise-ver-1.4,,mkd-smooth-page-transitions,mkd . During the Pleistocene the sea level dropped 500m (1,600ft) exposing a flat floor. The treaty was meant to last 50 years, and it made Sparta and Athens responsible for controlling their allies and preventing them from going to war and initiating conflict. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Afriyyeh: A History of Madness, Modernity, and War in the Middle East, Networking Peripheries: Technological Futures and the Myth of Digital Universalism, Rebuilding Central Park: A Management and Restoration Plan, Displacement of Death from Home to Hospital in Historical Yet they were still treated quite poorly by the Spartans. The spring is also called Logaras Spring. Athens called all the remaining free Greeks together to devise a defense strategy, and they decided to fight the Persians at Thermopylae and Artemisium. Scientists can estimate the backwater length from the size and slope of the river. Greece, PELLANA LACONIA EUROTAS River Scene ~ 1826 Landscape Art Print The ridge, a karst, is not part of the Taygetus Massif, but, like the other mountains of Arcadia, is a nappe raised by the compressional forces on the Hellenic Plate by the subduction of Africa. The Mississippi River has changed course repeatedly over the past 7,000 years, depositing sediment that created much of the land of southern Louisiana. The pathway that is easier to erode and cut through will be the path for the river. The leading theory about why this was the case deals with the founding of Sparta. This means that Sparta was free to ransack Attica, but their largely-helot armies never made it to the city of Athens since they were required to periodically return home to tend to their crops. But the Greeks had managed to inflict heavy losses on the Persian army, (estimates indicate Persian casualties numbered around 50,000), but more importantly, they had learned their superior armor and weapons, combined with a geographical advantage, gave them a chance against the massive Persian army. For example, the Odyssey and the Iliad, which were written in the 8th century BCE, were based on wars and conflicts fought during Mycenaean times, specifically the Trojan War, and they played an important role in creating a common culture amongst the divided Greeks, even though their historical accuracy has been called into question and they have been deemed pieces of literature, not historical accounts. The goddess Demeter has "blond" or "yellow hair," as does Leto, mother of Apollo, who is also described as "golden haired." Please try again. However, neither Athens nor Thebes really wanted to engage Sparta in a land battle, for their armies were still superior. After this conflict, the Romans overthrew the Spartan monarch, ending Spartas political autonomy. Sparta (Doric Greek: , Sprt; Attic Greek: , Sprt) was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order You could not be signed in. However, leading up to this year, a few important things happened. You could not be signed in. "The nature of rivers, and their streams, are visible to us. Some records indicate Spartan leaders pointed to a long-standing rivalry between the two cultures, which may have existed considered most Spartan citizens were Dorian and the Messenians were Aeolians. 2.) Eurotas, a sacred river from ancient times to today, one of the most famous rivers of Greece. In PeriodII, dated to LH3A1, a villa-type structure was built of a terrace formed from previous building material further down to the south. The armies of Sparta have gone down as some of the most impressive of all time. From it the scarps of the footwall of the Sparta Fault are visible at the base of Tayegetus. Ran campaigns in Asia to free the Ionian Greeks, and stopped his invasion of Persia only because of the turmoil occurring in ancient Greece at the time. The Spartans were left with considerable power after the Corinthian War, and by 385 BCE, just two years after peace had been brokered, they were once again working to expand their influence. Spartan men were generally well groomed. It is located on the hill of Protitis Ilias. October 2020. Regular price: $19.95. Some of these kings include, from the Agiad dynasty: From the Eurypontid dynasty, the most important kings were: While many parts of Spartan society were considerably unequal, and freedoms were limited for all but the most elite, Spartan women were granted a much more significant role in Spartan life than they were in other Greek cultures at the time. An outsider married her, Lacedaemon. On the first day of fighting, the Greeks, led by Leonidas and his 300, beat back wave after wave of Persian soldiers, including several attempts by Xerxes elite fighting force, the Immortals. (the term used for the heavily armored Greek infantry), Sparta also brought some 35,000 helots to support the hoplites and also serve as light infantry. In the 20thcentury a survey by the British School of Archaeology revealed that the entire ridge, located in the municipal unit of Therapnes, ancient Therapn, had been covered by a walled Mycenaean town, dated to the late Bronze Age by the late Helladic (LH3) pottery[13] with some middle Helladic (MH) pottery in "pockets in the bedrock." In c. 460 BCE, Sparta sent troops to Doris, a city in northern Greece, to help them in a war against Phocis, a city allied at the time with Athens. With the rest of the Greek world keenly aware that the Spartans had imperial ambitions, there was an increased desire to antagonize Sparta, and in 395 BCE, Thebes, which had been growing more powerful, decided to support the city of Locris in its desire to collect taxes from nearby Phocis, which was an ally of Sparta. Led by Spartan king Leochtydes, the Greeks achieved another decisive victory and crushed the Persian fleet. Pindar, Olympian Ode 6. By: Charles River Editors. Before the Persian King Darius I could launch a second invasion of Greece, he died, and his son, Xerxes, took over as the Persian sovereign in c. 486 BCE. 46, ad Lycoph. Remains of a mansion with Minoan pottery date from Period I. A combination of climatic factors, political turmoil, and foreign invaders from tribes referred to as Sea People, brought life to a halt for some 300 years. Eurotas was the son of King Myles of Laconia and grandson of Lelex, eponymous ancestor of the Leleges. He amassed an army of nearly 180,000 men, a massive force for the time, and gather ships from all over the empire, mainly Egypt and Phoenicia, to build an equally impressive fleet. A complete bibliography of the translations quoted on this page. Kagan, Donald, and Bill Wallace. They began to form alliances with other cities in Greece in preparation for what they feared was an imminent attack by the Spartans. At some time prior to being called Eurotas, the river was the Bomycas and the Himeras.[3]. Taygetos and Mt. Meteora - three days (day one driving, with a stop in Vergina; two days hiking between the monasteries) Delphi - two days (stop at . Please try again. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This finally became apparent during the Battle of Leuctra, which we now see as the beginning of the end for Sparta. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Greece, PELLANA LACONIA EUROTAS River Scene ~ 1826 Landscape Art Print Engraving at the best online prices at eBay! Nearly all Greek armies fought using this formation, but the Spartans were the best, mainly because of the training a Spartan soldier had to go through before joining the military. He is the author of In the Bellies of the Marshes: Water and Power in the Countryside of Ottoman Baghdad, Environmental History, XIX (2014), 638664. The abrupt channel shift became entangled in a complex web of troubles (climatic, epidemiological, political, and financial) that reinforced each other and left behind a profoundly altered ecological and political landscape in a rural region southwest of Baghdad. Tegea, an important Greek city state on the Peloponnese, revolted in c. 471 BCE, and Sparta was forced to fight a series of battles to quell this rebellion and restore Tegean loyalty. Because of this, there is no doubt that Sparta operated under an oligarchy, a government ruled by the few. Sparta took control over the rest of Messenia following the defeat of Aristomenes at Mt. In modern times, much of the river water is used for irrigation, with the result that the Eurotas is almost dry during the summer months. "Lakedaimon (Lacedaemon) and Sparte (Sparta), a daughter of Eurotas, a son of autochthonous Lelex and a Naias Nymphe (Naiad Nymph) named Kleokhareia (Cleocharia). Four years later, in 427 BCE, they finally broke through, but the war had changed considerably by then. how has the eurotas river changed over time - fmprodotti.it This brought the total Greek force at Thermopylae to around 7,000, as compared to the Persians, who had around 180,000 men in their army. 33 (trans. The waters of the Eurotas are used to irrigate mainly citrus crops, for which Laconia is famous. Alternate titles: Eurotas River, Iris River. The most important neighbouring rivers personified by the Greeks were the Inakhos (Inachus) of Argos to the north-east and the Alpheios (Alpheus) of Arkadia and Elis to the north-west. "Lakedaimon (Lacedaemon) was wedded to Sparta, a daughter of Eurotas. The 80 avulsions that happened on deltas were influenced by forces in their backwaters. But the instability brought on by their dependence on helots, as well as the realization that their neighbors would invade whenever they had the chance, helped show the Spartan citizens how important it would be for them to have a premier fighting force if they wished to remain free and independent in an increasingly competitive ancient world. [2.1] SPARTE (Apollodorus 3.116) It contains the countries of Aetolia (famed for the Calydonian boar hunt), Locris (divided into 2 sections by Doris and Phocis), Acarnania (west of Aetolia, bordered by the Achelous River, and north of the Gulf of Calydon), Doris, Phocis, Boeotia, Attica, and Megaris.Boeotia and Attica are separated by Mt. Greek text available from the same website, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurotas&oldid=1129781254, Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 December 2022, at 03:07. The structures included kilns for smelting bronze. However, Lysander managed to take control of the Athenian government n exchange for not getting his way. During this time, Spartan culture flourished. Much like earthquakes, river avulsions happen periodically in the same places. The valley contains about 7000 wells. This history, plus the poor treatment the Spartans gave to the helots, made them a frequent problem in Spartan society. Changes in the Euphrates River: Ecology and Politics in a Rural Ottoman During this time of Persian expansion, ancient Greece had also risen in power, but in a different way. The Eurotas river is the main river that runs through the valley. Typically, members of the gerousia were related to one of the two royal familes, which helped to keep power consolidated in the hands of the few. ", Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. Vamsi Ganti receives funding from the National Science Foundation, and the donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund. The Eurotas River occupies the floor of a rift valley, or graben, created by extensional forces acting over the Hellenic Plate in a northeast-southwest direction. This treatment of the Athenians is evidence of a change of perspective in Sparta. Thus we find Pausanias saying (8.52.1), that Miltiades was the first, and Philopoemen the last benefactor to the whole of Greece, and an admiring Roman exclaiming, "that he was the last of the Greeks" (Plut. : Fearing they could not stop the Spartans, the Persian governor in the region, Tissaphernes, first tried, and failed, to bribe Agesilaus II and then proceeded to broker a deal that forced Agesilaus II to stop his advance in exchange for the freedom of some Ionian Greeks. First, Corinth, one of Spartas closest allies, but a city that frequently felt disrespected by having to adhere to terms imposed by Sparta, formed an alliance with Argos, one of Spartas biggest rivals next to Athens. Apollodorus (iii. View ANCIENT HISTORY - assignment.pdf from HIST 259 at University of Wollongong. Most deltas are only a few feet above sea level, and some are very densely populated, such as the Mekong and Ganges-Brahmaputra deltas. These falls meant that the Eurotas was not navigable from Sparta to the port of Gytheon and protected Sparta from enemy forces invading via the river; The Eurotas river provided an important route to other ports of the Poloponnese by following the river to it's source in the central Peloponnese and following links to other river systems eg. At the age of 20, Spartan men would become warriors of the state. This 224 year old map is in good condition, folds as issued. For instance as a member of the state at age twenty, Spartan men were allowed to marry, but they would not share a marital home until they were thirty or older. The preparations Xerxes undertook have gone down as the thing of legends. It does not appear in the works of Homer, which purport to recount the stories and geography of Mycenaean Greece. The town was mainly Early Bronze Age, which had 40%. However, Sparta bribed Argive leaders to abandon their support, which all but eliminated the Messenian chances of success. This made it difficult to replace fallen Spartan soldiers, and by the Battle of Leuctra, the Spartan force was smaller than it had ever been. It is believed civilization came to the Peloponnese with the Mycenaean, a Greek culture that rose to dominance alongside the Egyptians and the Hittites during the 2nd millennium BCE. Although he named the state Sparta after her, his name is now known to have most likely been the name of the Mycenaean state. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : 6 : Reynolds also serves as a scientific expert for Smithsonian Journeys on trips to Iceland, Machu Picchu-Galpagos, and Patagonia. Laconia, Greece. 479 BCE- the Spartans lead the Greek force at the Battle of Plataea and win a decisive victory over the Persians, ending the Second Persian Invasion of ancient Greece. And while these may be exaggerations of what life was really like in Spartan history, its difficult to overstate Spartan significance in ancient history as well as the development of world culture. Occupation of the hill went on through the Greek Dark Age, reduced to the Menelaon shrine in the Archaic and Classical Periods. On the third night at the time set, Petros stood on the banks of the Eurotas. Due to changes in sea level, some land on the flanks of the gulf has been drowned.[10]. This resulted in the First Battle of Hysiae, which started a conflict between Argos and Sparta that would result in Sparta finally bringing all of Messenia under its control. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. - Artemis Orthia was worshipped by the Spartans at a sanctuary that stood between the village of Limnai and the river Eurotas at the very edge of town - In about 700 BCE an altar was set up and a temple was built to the goddess - In the 6th century BCE a second temple was built - The festival was held in May-June and had the following features: 1. It contains the countries of Aetolia (famed for the Calydonian boar hunt), Locris (divided into 2 sections by Doris and Phocis), Acarnania (west of Aetolia, bordered by the Achelous River, and north of the Gulf of Calydon), Doris, Phocis, Boeotia, Attica, and Megaris.Boeotia and Attica are separated by Mt. 3) calls him a son of Lelex by the nymph Cleochareia, and in Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v. Tageton) his mother is called Taygete. Sparta and Lakonia: a regional history 1300-362 BC. Spread over a good many acres Just a few minutes' walk north and northeast of the center of presentday Sparta, the ruins represent Archaic, Roman and Byzantine epochs with traces of even . For Spartiate women, on the other hand, the expectation of staying indoors does not seem to have existed at all. Date: 15 May 2019, 09:40:15: Source: Own work . Perspective: The Case of Italy, 18832013, Turn, Turn, Turn: A Digital History of German Historiography, When the season permits it and the river is wide enough, a dock operates here, with small scale fishing . Home; About Us; Outdoor. Their only major defeat, the Battle of Thermopylae, occurred not because they were an inferior fighting force but rather because they were hopelessly outnumbered and betrayed by a fellow Greek who told Xerxes of the way around the pass. However, people had been living in the area where Sparta would be founded starting in the Neolithic Era, which dates back some 6,000 years. Of these events, 33 were on alluvial fans. 3.14.5]. how has the eurotas river changed over time - synergyarabia.ae To fight as a Spartiate a highly-trained Spartan soldier one had to have Spartan blood. Lakonia is remembered in Homeric epic as the locale where Queen Helen was abducted to Troy, becoming the face that launched 1,000 ships. It is in the South Eastern Portion of Greece. Society and Politics of the Spartans - The 'Militaristic' Origins of Sparta . The main traffic was southward to the port of Gytheio, which was the most convenient outlet. Their terms were to restore the independence and autonomy of all Greek city states, but this was rejected by Thebes, mainly because it had been building up a base of power on its own through the Boeotian League. For all intents and purposes, the helots were slaves. However, the rich-soil plain is entirely divided into villages that practice agriculture, viticulture, and arboriculture intensely. This battle proved to both sides that the war was going nowhere, and so Sparta and Athens met to negotiate peace. how has the eurotas river changed over timebitmoji dancing with headphones meaning 431-404 BCE Sparta faces up against Athens in The Peloponnesian War and emerges victorious, bringing an end to the Athenian Empire and giving birth to the Spartan Empire and Spartan hegemony. . On the left bank of the Eurotas, across from Sparta, is a ridge on which sits a temple called the Menelaon. Many of these abandoned meanders provide important marshland wildlife habitat. They appealed to Corinth and Thebes for support but did not receive it. The river is on the western side. Steeper rivers can have a backwater length scale as short as 0.6 miles (1 kilometer). Language: English. It was in a valley on the banks of the Eurotas river. Evrtas River, historically Eurotas, also called Iris, nonnavigable river rising in the Tayetos (Modern Greek: Tygetos) Mountains in the southern Peloponnese (Pelopnnisos), Greece. Updates? Dent, 1903. Some theories suggest the Dorians were nomadic pastoralists who gradually made their way south as the land changed and resource needs shifted, whereas others believe the Dorians had always existed in the Peloponnese but were oppressed by the ruling Achaeans. (Art Department, Brevard College, Brevard, NC 28712; chapin@brevard.edu), JAMES H. REYNOLDS is professor emeritus of geology at Brevard College, North Carolina. : Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. The main difference between Athens and Sparta is that Athens was a form of democracy, whereas Sparta was a form of oligarchy. long hair symbolized being a free man and as Plutarch claimed, ..it made the handsome more comely and the ugly more frightful. ", Strabo, Geography 8. The Battle of Thermopylae took place in early August of 480 BCE, but because the city of Sparta was celebrating the Carneia, a religious festival held to celebrate Apollo Carneus, the chief deity of the Spartans, their oracles forbid them from going to war. The Ancient Spartan Army and the Roman Army: The History of Antiquity's Most Influential Armies - Kindle edition by Charles River Editors. During that first year, some small excavations took place: among them were test pits to determine the remains of earlier walls, the altar on the banks of the Eurotas river and various burials including a pithos burial near the Heron. The speed of the flow of the river is changed due to . The gerousia was a council of 28 men over the age of 60. As time moves on, the Mongol Empire appears in the north-east and the Ottoman Empire grows to cover much of the south-east. Fighting took place between Argos and Sparta, and the Athenians were involved. Both royal families, the Agiads and the Eurypontids, claimed ancestry with the gods. This unleashed chaos in Plataea, and both Athens and Sparta got involved. "On the death of Myles his son Eurotas succeeded to the throne. The classical Eurotas was changed to Iri in the Middle Ages and only changed back to Eurotas in recent times. Soon after 1500, what we know today as Russia appears on the map, and in the late 1800s Germany also comes into existence. Homeric Hellenic cities 850 BCE, Almost all adopted by Pausanias If some one looks for a real and not hypothetical answer has to use accurate original sources, and . See answer (1) Copy. The River Eurotas had its headwaters in the Taygetus Mountains and flowed south through the heart of Laconia, past the city of Sparta, to reach the Mediterranean Sea near Helos on the Laconian Gulf. This was not their war, but it showed that Athens was still interested in picking a fight with Sparta. Throughout history, important cities around the world have flourished along river banks. Skala, on the other hand, means "place of embarkation. Eurotas (river) - Wikipedia PeriodIII, LH3A2LH3B2, begins with 150years of apparent abandonment and then a limited reconstruction of a one-story structure on the terrace. However, shortly after the beginning of the final millennium BCE, civilization once again began to flourish, and the city of Sparta was to play a pivotal role in the ancient history of the region and the world. Controlling it would have given Sparta a tremendous base of resources to use to not only grow itself but to also exert influence over the rest of the Greek world. Spartan men were also said to wear their hair long, often braided into locks. : In total, the Greek city states amassed an army of about 30,000 hoplites, 10,000 of whom were Spartan citizens. Eurotas, however, is not the most ancient name of the river.