Initially designed for internal use by HP employees, co-founder Bill Hewlett issues a challenge to his engineers in 1971: fit all of the features of their desktop scientific calculator into a package small enough for his shirt pocket. Which of the following is not a file format in which audio-video files can be imported from a source and stored in a computer? The first of David Hilbert's 23 unsolved problems presented at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900 involved the Continuum Hypothesis. True The term DBMS is used in reference to spreadsheet software. What can be accomplished by using the Quality Matters standards and the Rubric for Assessing Interactive Quality? The VAIO line of computers would be best known for laptops were designed with communications and audio-video capabilities at the forefront, including innovative designs that incorporated TV and radio tuners, web cameras, and handwriting recognition. Five times faster than its predecessor, the 8008, the Intel 8080 could address four times as many bytes for a total of 64 kilobytes. The 1401 mainframe, the first in the series, replaces earlier vacuum tube technology with smaller, more reliable transistors. Customers included US military as well as industry. FoxBase is a database management system and programming language developed by Fox Software in the mid-1980s. Lenovo, China's largest manufacturer of PCs, purchased IBM's personal computer business in 2005, largely to gain access to IBM's ThinkPad line of computers and sales force. What have recent studies of online school performance compared with traditional school performance shown? False Drivers are used to communicate with peripheral devices such as monitors, printers, and keyboards. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the ASR-33 was a popular and inexpensive choice of input and output device for minicomputers and many of the first generation of microcomputers. The company was incorporated by three 26-year-old Stanford alumni: Bechtolsheim, Vinod Khosla and Scott McNealy. One of the first commercially produced computers, the companys first customer was the US Navy. Store the results for future use Hardware the electronical and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer. Intended to be a less expensive alternative to the PET, the VIC-20 was highly successful, becoming the first computer to sell more than a million units. Selling for $1,750, the Micral never penetrated the U.S. market. All three PowerBooks introduced featured a built-in trackball, internal floppy drive, and palm rests, which would eventually become typical of 1990s laptop design. By the mid-1960s, nearly half of all computers in the world were IBM 1401s. The company sold about 200 machines, losing $500 per unit. Intel introduced the 8086 in June 1978. and taking up a volume of less than 1 cubic foot. It managed Japan's first on-line, real-time reservation system for Kinki Nippon Railways in 1960. An offshoot of the POWER XCell8i chip was used as the main processor in the Sony PlayStation 3 game console. Assessment instruments may have lower reliability and validity when used with non-native English speakers. The first practical stored-program computer to provide a regular computing service, EDSAC is built at Cambridge University using vacuum tubes and mercury delay lines for memory. With the success of the clone, Compaq recorded first-year sales of $111 million, the most ever by an American business in a single year. Applications that came as part of the package included MacPaint, which made use of the mouse, and MacWrite, which demonstrated WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) word processing. A large amount of software was created for the BBC Micro, including educational, productivity, and game programs. Leaving Palm Inc., Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins found Handspring. Apple makes a splash with its Bondi Blue iMac, which sells for about $1,300. Almost a million units were ordered on the day of release. Software Apple Stores display of newly introduced Apple Watches. It was also one of the first computers to use all-diode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes. The 701 introduction also marked the beginning of IBMs entry into the large-scale computer market, a market it came to dominate in later decades. This was the first program in history to run on a digital, electronic, stored-program computer. Answers: Convert data into an electronic machine-readable form for direct entry into a computer system. Chuck Peddle leads a small team of former Motorola employees to build a low-cost microprocessor. The keyboard was comprised of three roughly triangular interlocking pieces, which formed a full-sized keyboard when the laptop was opened -- resulting in a keyboard significantly wider than the case. Apple launches the iPhone - a combination of web browser, music player and cell phone - which could download new functionality in the form of "apps" (applications) from the online Apple store. The Control Data Corporation (CDC) 6600 performs up to 3 million instructions per second three times faster than that of its closest competitor, the IBM 7030 supercomputer. What software is useful to illustrate a numerical concept such as the difference between electoral votes and popular votes? Nine of the computers, which featured dozens of advanced design innovations, were sold, mainly to national laboratories and major scientific users. Title card- BBCs The Computer Programme. Performing far better than the company projections of 3,000 units for the first year, in the first month after its release Tandy Radio Shacks first desktop computer the TRS-80 sells 10,000 units. The AGCs first flight was on Apollo 7. What is the function of an IEP generator? IBM released a new operating system, OS/2, at the same time, allowing the use of a mouse with IBM PCs for the first time. What feature of modern productivity tools makes it possible for files created in one software product to be opened in another software product? HP Netserver LM, one of the first to use Intel's Pentium. One of Britain's leading computer companies, Acorn continued the Archimedes line, which grew to nearly twenty different models, into the 1990s. An electronic machine operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can: 1. The handwriting recognition software was much maligned for inaccuracy. Its base price was $6,500. The Lisa ran on a Motorola 68000 microprocessor and came equipped with 1 MB of RAM, a 12-inch black-and-white monitor, dual 5.25-inch floppy disk drives and a 5 MB Profile hard drive. The Retina display became standard on most of the iPad, iPhone, MacBook, and Apple Watch product lines. IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC). Which software tool would be helpful for preparing a newsletter? Weighing 24 pounds and costing $1,795, the Osborne 1 is the first mass-produced portable computer. Oddly, the company doesn't use the term in its marketing, preferring instead to refer to the microcomputer (which it calls a "Micom") that implements the fuzzy logic. True/False False Mac OS X (now macOS) runs the same kernel used in its predecessor, Mac OS 9. Microcomputers are an interesting part of the history of both computing and video games. The electronic circuits (registers) of the arithmetic- logic unit perform both the arithmetic and logic functions needed for the software instructions to be executed. These tools take over the task of doing arithmetic functions so that students can focus on higher level mathematics concepts Spreadsheet This software is sometimes credited with starting the "microcomputer revolution" in schools, since it was the first software package available for home computers. Xerox PARC physicist Gary Starkweather realizes in 1967 that exposing a copy machines light-sensitive drum to a paper original isnt the only way to create an image. While the PC Jr. sold poorly, the PC/AT sold in the millions. What type of web-based creation is produced when a teacher has art students sketchnoting about a visiting artist's lecture? The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. Introduced at the Altair Convention in Albuquerque in March 1976, the visual display module enabled the use of personal computers for interactive games. It was a commercial computer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. The computer he created, an all-black cube was an important innovation. Apples inspiration for the Lisa and Macintosh computers came from the Xerox Alto. The 470V/6 was the companys first product and ran the same software as IBM System/370 computers but cost less and was smaller and faster. Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins. Created by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly -- designers of the earlier ENIAC computer -- the Univac 1 used 5,200 vacuum tubes and weighed 29,000 pounds. In a widely circulated paper, mathematician John von Neumann outlines the architecture of a stored-program computer, including electronic storage of programming information and data -- which eliminates the need for more clumsy methods of programming such as plugboards, punched cards and paper. Microcomputer was formerly a commonly used term for personal computers, particularly any of a class of small digital computers whose CPU is contained on a single integrated semiconductor chip. On April 7, IBM announced five models of System/360, spanning a 50-to-1 performance range. The most popular operating system for small microcomputers in the late 1970s was CP/M, written by Gary Kildall in about 1974 and marketed by the company he started, Digital Research, Inc. IBM visited Digital Research in August 1980 - some say at the suggestion of Bill Gates - to investigate using "CP/M-86, their upcoming version for . The Roadrunner is the first computer to reach a sustained performance of 1 petaflop (one thousand trillion floating point operations per second). 0.5 out of 0.5 points. It was believed that ENIAC had done more calculation over the ten years it was in operation than all of humanity had until that time. At the time IBM released the System/360, the company had just made the transition from discrete transistors to integrated circuits, and its major source of revenue began to move from punched card equipment to electronic computer systems. With a distinctive anodized aluminum case, and hailed as the first true 64-bit personal computer, the Apple G5 is the most powerful Macintosh ever released to that point. The Amiga sold for $1,295 (without monitor) and had audio and video capabilities beyond those found in most other personal computers. Quiz 1. The Air incorporated many of the technologies that had been associated with Apple's MacBook line of laptops, including integrated camera, and Wi-Fi capabilities. Its Williams-Kilburn tube memory system was later adopted by several other early computer systems around the world. In 1979, Truong sold R2E to Bull. . What type of web-based creation is produced when students submit their written or artistic products to a website? System/360 is a major event in the history of computing. Called the Model K Adder because he built it on his Kitchen table, this simple demonstration circuit provides proof of concept for applying Boolean logic to the design of computers, resulting in construction of the relay-based Model I Complex Calculator in 1939. The first stored-program computer to be built in continental Europe was the MESM, completed in the Soviet Union in 1950. The Canadian Chalk River Nuclear Lab needed a special device to monitor a reactor. SSEC goes on display IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) Based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor, the Micral is one of the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computers. Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 200B model to test recording equipment and speaker systems for the 12 specially equipped theatres that showed the movie Fantasia in 1940. A large parallel processing computer, the ILLIAC IV does not operate until 1972. Northrop was initially reluctant to make MADDIDA a commercial product, but by the end of 1952, six had sold. A later version of that machine became the PDP-8, the first commercially successful minicomputer. [21] The first stored-program computers [ edit] Several computers could be considered the first stored-program computer, depending on the criteria. This is likely the first example of remote access computing. A total of ten Colossi were delivered, each using as many as 2,500 vacuum tubes. The Altair had no keyboard and could not be connected to a television screen. data. Developed for Busicom, a Japanese calculator maker, the 4004 had 2250 transistors and could perform up to 90,000 operations per second in four-bit chunks. true. microcomputer, an electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). Before its decommissioning in 1952, the SSEC produced the moon position tables used in early planning of the 1969 Apollo XII moon landing. Customers got a machine with a 233-MHz G3 processor, 4GB hard drive, 32MB of RAM, a CD-ROM drive, and a 15" monitor. Question 13. 1951. Updates called _____ contain fixes and enhancements to the operating system. Each processor had its own small memory linked with others through a flexible network that users altered by reprogramming rather than rewiring. The PowerBook line of computers was discontinued in 2006. Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. Based on the Touchstone Delta computer Intel had built at Caltech, the Paragon is a parallel supercomputer that uses 2,048 (later increased to more than four thousand) Intel i860 processors. The ATX is the most commonly used form factor today. 1945: Memex It featured a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, a modem, and two 5.25-inch floppy disk drives. central processing unit (cpu) computers brain. Physicist Stan Frankel, intrigued by small, general-purpose computers, developed the MINAC at Caltech. To protect it from earthquakes, the building housing it was built using a seismic isolation system that used rubber supports. The LINC was later commercialized by DEC and sold as the LINC-8. What type of online learning is used the least in K-12 educational contexts? Definition. What is the general term for software whose source code is made available for free and permits users to use, change, and improve it? It was eventually housed at NASAs Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. Computer-enhanced image of IBMs Roadrunner. One biblical scholar even used a Univac 1 to compile a concordance to the King James version of the Bible. Working under Tom Kilburn at Englands Manchester University, Richard Grimsdale and Douglas Webb demonstrate a prototype transistorized computer, the "Manchester TC", on November 16, 1953. . Microsoft Windows, also called Windows and Windows OS, computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). Advertised as the first 100% IBM PC-compatible computer, the Compaq Portable can run the same software as the IBM PC. In October 2013, the one millionth Raspberry Pi was shipped. !" "The only app I use when I need to get down to business." OPENSTEP was used as one of the foundations for the new Mac OS operating system soon after NeXT was acquired by Apple in 1996. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th century, when the industrial revolution gave rise to mechanical machines whose primary purpose was . The original design included two memory boards and could generate and store 512 characters as 16 lines of 32 characters. The primary distinguishing characteristic of modern computers is ____. The NBS also built the Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC) at the Institute for Numerical Analysis on the UCLA campus. The first advertisement for a microprocessor, the Intel 4004, appears in Electronic News. Because of its speed, small size, and reasonable cost, the PDP-8 was sold by the thousands to manufacturing plants, small businesses, and scientific laboratories around the world. IBM's brand recognition, along with a massive marketing campaign, ignites the fast growth of the personal computer market with the announcement of its own personal computer (PC). A driver education teacher might use this kind of software to let students "practice" driving before actually getting in a car. It offered increased performance and storage capacity over the original IBM PC and sold for about $4,000. With an order for 50 assembled systems from Mountain View, California computer store The Byte Shop in hand, the pair started a new company, naming it Apple Computer, Inc. Typical applications included US national defense work, including the design and simulation of nuclear weapons, and weather forecasting. Intel released the 80486 microprocessor and the i860 RISC/coprocessor chip, each of which contained more than 1 million transistors. A consortium of aerospace, energy, and marine science agencies undertook the project, and the system was built by NEC around their SX-6 architecture. User interface When was the word "computer" first used? Which kind of software tool would a teacher choose in order to develop a test item bank? Apple's Macintosh Portable meets with little success in the marketplace and leads to a complete redesign of Apple's line of portable computers. The machines system of connections and switches let processors broadcast information and requests for help to other processors in a simulation of brain-like associative recall. ducing microcomputers to small and medium-sized transit operating agen-cies. A microcomputer contains a microprocessor (a central processing unit on a microchip ), memory in the form of read-only memory and random access memory , . The 2116A is HPs first computer. Wi-Fi This very small home computer is available in the UK as a kit for 79 or pre-assembled for 99. Each credit card-sized Arduino board consisted of an inexpensive microcontroller and signal connectors which made Arduinos ideal for use in any application connecting to or monitoring the outside world. Definition. An ecologist, for example, could sprinkle thousands of motes from the air onto a field and measure soil and air temperature, moisture, and sunlight, giving them accurate real-time data about the environment. Built by a team led by engineers Frederick Williams and Tom Kilburn, the Mark I serves as the prototype for Ferrantis first computer the Ferranti Mark 1. The LEO was Englands first commercial computer and was performing useful work before any other commercial computer system in the world. The display also used In Plane Switching (IPS) technology, which allowed for a wider viewing angle and improved color accuracy. The first Kindle featured wireless access to content via Amazon.com, along with an SD card slot allowing increased storage. Led by curator Doron Swade the team built Babbages machine in six years, using techniques that would have been available to Babbage at the time, proving that Babbages design was accurate and that it could have been built in his day. Many of the 1101s basic architectural details were used again in later Remington-Rand computers until the 1960s. Simon featured on the November 1950 Scientific American cover, The hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics publishes Edmund Berkeley's design for the Simon 1 relay computer from 1950 to 1951. Beginning with the VAX-11/780, the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX family of computers rivals much more expensive mainframe computers in performance and features the ability to address over 4 GB of virtual memory, hundreds of times the capacity of most minicomputers. Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. mainframe computer. The PROMs What made the Sacramento State computer both so unique--and so expensive--was the programmable read-only memory on its motherboard. Joe Thompson at Whirlwind console, ca. The British Broadcasting Corporations Computer Literacy Project hoped to introduce interested adults to the world of computers. Acorn produces a popular computer, the BBC Microcomputer System, so viewers at home could follow along on their own home computers as they watched the program. Which of the following is an accepted design criterion for writing and publishing digital documents? The Nova was first to employ medium-scale integration (MSI) circuits from Fairchild Semiconductor, with subsequent models using large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits. The Institute of Advanced Study (IAS) computer is a multi-year research project conducted under the overall supervision of world-famous mathematician John von Neumann. Compaq's success launched a market for IBM-compatible computers that by 1996 had achieved an 83-percent share of the personal computer market. The Johnniac computer is one of 17 computers that followed the basic design of Princeton's Institute of Advanced Study (IAS) computer. C. Designed by engineer Gardner Hendrie for Computer Control Corporation (CCC), the DDP-116 is announced at the 1965 Spring Joint Computer Conference. Minuteman missiles use transistorized computers to continuously calculate their position in flight. Microcomputers for Twenty-First Century Educators (Paperback, 4th ed) / Author: Lockard / Author: Abrams / Author: "Many ; 9780673524560 ; Educational resources & technology, Education, Social sciences, Books The Treo sold well, and the line continued until Handspring was purchased by Palm in 2003. FTCE Physical Education Certification Exam, Alan S. Willsky, Alan V. Oppenheim, Hamid Nawab, Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics, Brian Self, David Mazurek, E. Russell Johnston, Ferdinand Beer, Phillip Cornwell, 3.8.1 - Strategic direction: choosing which m, BCPS 2018: Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. IBMs initial investment of $5 billion was quickly returned as orders for the system climbed to 1,000 per month within two years. MADDIDA was flown across the country for a demonstration to John von Neumann, who was impressed. It developed a very loyal following while add-on components allowed it to be upgraded easily. Back in the 80s and 90s, the home computing revolution led to a huge number of microcomputers hitting the market across the world. 2.4 trillion. The Apple Newton Personal Digital Assistant. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. The Tandem-16 eventually led to the Non-Stop series of systems, which were used for early ATMs and to monitor stock trades. Scelbi aimed the 8H, available both in kit form and fully assembled, at scientific, electronic, and biological applications. Combined with an enhanced bus interface unit, the microprocessor doubled the performance of the 386 without increasing the clock rate. (C) The Regent Corporation's microcomputer can be used in conjunction with higher-priced microcomputers manufactured by other companies. The C64, as it is better known, sells for $595, comes with 64 KB of RAM and features impressive graphics. Univac computers were used in many different applications but utilities, insurance companies and the US military were major customers. Atlas was the fastest computer in the world at the time and introduced the concept of virtual memory, that is, using a disk or drum as an extension of main memory. The militarys high standards for its transistors pushed manufacturers to improve quality control. A cassette tape interface provided supplementary storage for text. The kit was the cover story of hobbyist magazine Radio-Electronics in July 1974 six months before the MITS Altair 8800 was in rival Popular Electronics magazine. Originally a Cray XT3 system, the Jaguar is a massively parallel supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a US science and energy research facility. the _____ screen is the first screen displayed. What is a distinguishing feature of instructional software? While Apple sued to remove the Laser 128 from the market, they were unsuccessful and the Laser remained one of the very few Apple clones for sale. It used two different microprocessors: an IBM POWER XCell L8i and AMD Opteron. Both faced strong competition from the Apple II, Commodore PET, and TRS-80 computers. Spectra systems were marketed on the basis of their compatibility with the IBM System/360 series of computer since it implemented the IBM 360 instruction set and could run most IBM software with little or no modification. The handbook is complemented by two companion documents: Microcomputers in Transit: A Software Handbook, and Microcomputers in Intel and Zilog introduced new microprocessors. This is a list of early microcomputers sold to hobbyists and developers. The 386 chip brought with it the introduction of a 32-bit architecture, a significant improvement over the 16-bit architecture of previous microprocessors. Acorn's ARM RISC microprocessor is first used in the company's Archimedes computer system. Dropout rates are higher in online courses. SWTPC introduces many computer kits based on the Motorola 6800, and later, the 6809. The basic computer cost $28,500. Palm Inc., founded by Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins, originally created software for the Casio Zoomer personal data assistant. DEC is founded initially to make electronic modules for test, measurement, prototyping and control markets. The first generation of Palm-produced devices, the Palm 1000 and 5000, are based around a Motorola microprocessor running at 16MHz, and uses a special gestural input language called Graffiti, which is quick to learn and fast. The PDP-8 sold for $18,000, one-fifth the price of a small IBM System/360 mainframe.